IT budget statistics help business leaders make smarter technology decisions. Whether you’re an IT manager defending next year’s budget or a CFO questioning infrastructure spending, you need real data. We’ve compiled the latest research on IT spending trends, allocation benchmarks, and ROI metrics to help you plan with confidence.
Key Takeaways
- Global IT spending will reach $5.61 trillion in 2025, a 9.8% increase from 2024.
- Companies spend an average of 3.6% to 5% of revenue on IT, but this varies widely by industry (ranging from 1% in construction to 10%+ in financial services).
- Network downtime costs mid-size firms approximately $5,000 per minute on average—infrastructure investments often pay for themselves quickly.
- Security budgets as a percentage of IT spend dropped from 11.9% to 10.9%, the first decline in five years.
- SMBs typically spend $1,000-$3,000 per user annually on IT, with 40% increasing tech budgets year-over-year.
- Technical debt consumes up to 40% of IT budgets in organizations with significant legacy systems.
How Much Do Companies Spend on IT? Key Budget Statistics
Spending on information technology globally is forecast to total $5.61 trillion in 2025. That represents 9.8% growth over 2024.
The data center systems segment leads this growth at 23% year-over-year, driven largely by AI infrastructure investments. Software spending grew 14%, while IT services grew 9.4%.
AI-optimized servers alone will double spending on traditional servers, bringing the total to $202 billion. However, most of this spending is concentrated among large IT services companies and hyperscalers—not typical enterprises.
What does this mean for your budget? IT investment remains strong despite economic uncertainty. 67% of CIOs say cost optimization is their top priority, which means they’re not just spending more—they’re spending smarter.
What Percentage of Revenue Should Companies Spend on IT?
Companies spend an average of 3.6% to 5% of revenue on IT. But this benchmark can be misleading without context.
The percentage varies widely by industry, company size, and business model. Using the average without adjustments leads to either under- or overspending.
Industry Benchmarks
Different industries have fundamentally different technology needs:
| Industry | IT Spending (% of Revenue) |
|---|---|
| Financial Services | 7-10% |
| Healthcare | 5-7% |
| Technology | 7-8% |
| Professional Services | 4-6% |
| Retail | 2-4% |
| Manufacturing | 1-3% |
| Construction | 1-2% |
Financial services and healthcare companies spend more because of compliance requirements (HIPAA, PCI DSS) and data security needs. Manufacturing and construction spend less because their core operations are less technology-dependent.
Company Size Impact
Company size significantly affects IT spending ratios:
- Small businesses (under $50M revenue) typically allocate 4-6% of revenue to IT. Smaller companies often need to invest more heavily upfront to build foundational infrastructure.
- Mid-size companies usually spend 3-5% of revenue. They benefit from some economies of scale but still need growth-enabling investments.
- Large enterprises often spend closer to 2-4% of revenue. The percentage is lower, but absolute dollar amounts are massive—and their mature systems require less foundational investment.
IT Spending Per Employee
An alternative metric that often provides more practical guidance is IT spending per employee:
| Company Size | IT Spending Per Employee |
|---|---|
| Small (1-99 employees) | $3,000-$5,000 |
| Medium (100-999 employees) | $2,500-$4,000 |
| Large (1,000+ employees) | $1,500-$3,000 |
SMBs typically budget $1,000-$3,000 per user annually for basic IT needs. This scales upward based on technology intensity and network infrastructure requirements.
How Are Companies Allocating Their IT Budgets?
Most organizations follow a predictable pattern when allocating IT budgets. Understanding these categories helps with benchmarking and planning.
Typical IT budget allocation:
- Personnel/Staffing: 35-40%
- Software and Licensing: 20-25%
- Hardware and Infrastructure: 15-20%
- Cloud Services: 15-20%
- Security (Cyber and Physical): 10-15%
- Telecommunications/Network: 5-10%
- Training and Development: 3-5%
- Contingency: 5-10%
The shift toward cloud services has significantly changed these proportions. Cloud and subscription services now represent over 30% of IT budgets for many organizations, up from less than 15% a decade ago.
SMBs are projected to allocate over half of their tech budgets to cloud services. This shift reduces capital expenditures but increases operational costs.
One category that’s often underfunded is network infrastructure. While software and cloud services dominate budget discussions, the physical foundation—structured cabling, fiber optics, and Wi-Fi systems—enables everything else. When this foundation fails, so does everything built on top of it.
What Trends Are Shaping IT Budget Decisions?
Several major trends are influencing how companies allocate their IT budgets.
Security Spending Maturity
Global cybersecurity investment is forecast to reach $213 billion in 2025, according to Gartner’s July 2025 forecast—up from $193 billion in 2024. The average number of cyberattacks per organization per week hit 1,636—a 30% year-over-year increase.
But here’s the interesting part: security budgets as a percentage of IT spend dropped from 11.9% to 10.9% in 2025. This represents the first decline in five years, according to the IANS Research and Artico Search 2025 Security Budget Benchmark Report.
This doesn’t mean organizations are under-investing. Many have completed foundational security investments and are now optimizing existing systems rather than adding new ones. The IANS benchmark report found that 54% of CISOs report flat or shrinking budgets—a sign of maturity, not neglect. Average security budget growth slowed to just 4%, down from 8% in 2024—the lowest rate in five years.
Cloud Acceleration
Cloud services spending globally is forecast to hit $1.3 trillion. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) investments grew 22.6%, and this trend continues.
Companies are moving to the cloud to support remote work, improve scalability, and reduce capital expenditures. But there’s a catch: “lift and shift” migrations often cost MORE than on-premises solutions when organizations don’t optimize for cloud economics.
AI Infrastructure Investment
AI-optimized server spending is doubling traditional server spending at $202 billion. However, for most businesses, AI spending comes from existing software budgets, as vendors embed AI features into existing products at higher prices.
The “Uncertainty Pause”
Gartner identified an “uncertainty pause” in early 2025—a strategic suspension of net-new spending due to economic and geopolitical risks. 61% of enterprises started 2025 in a better financial position than the previous year, but only 24% expect to end the year ahead of their plans.
This pause affects the hardware and infrastructure sectors the most. Organizations are delaying new purchases while maintaining existing systems.
What Are Regional Differences in IT Budgets?
IT spending varies significantly by region, driven by economic conditions, regulatory requirements, and technology maturity. Understanding these differences helps multinational companies plan budgets and helps single-location businesses benchmark appropriately.
North America
North America dominates global IT spending and cybersecurity investment. The continent spent $92.31 billion on cybersecurity in 2024, with projections for 8.51% CAGR over the next five years.
The U.S. federal government alone allocated approximately $75 billion toward civilian agency IT budgets. The Department of Homeland Security’s IT budget increased 23% compared to the previous year.
Private sector spending is equally strong. U.S. companies generally spend more per employee on IT than their European counterparts, partly because of higher labor costs and earlier technology adoption cycles.
Europe
Europe faces additional regulatory compliance costs, driving higher security and data management investments. GDPR compliance alone adds significant overhead to IT budgets for companies handling European customer data.
The Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) creates new requirements for financial institutions. These regulations translate directly into IT budget line items for compliance tools, monitoring systems, and specialized personnel.
Asia Pacific
IT spending is growing fastest in the Asia Pacific region, driven by accelerating urbanization, smart city initiatives, and large-scale infrastructure development. The region is projected to grow at 9.93% CAGR through 2032.
China leads this growth with massive government investments in both the public and private sectors of technology. India’s IT market continues to expand as companies establish regional operations and invest in digital transformation.
U.S. Regional Variations
For U.S.-based companies, regional labor cost differences significantly affect IT budgets. Network installation labor in markets like San Francisco or New York can be double that of markets like Raleigh or Austin.
This affects everything from data center cabling to Wi-Fi installation. Companies in high-cost markets often achieve better value by working with regional specialists who understand local conditions and can manage projects efficiently.
What Are Companies Spending on Network Infrastructure?
Network infrastructure represents a significant but often underbudgeted portion of IT spending. While software and cloud services get attention in budget discussions, the physical network—cabling, switches, routers, and wireless systems—forms the foundation on which everything else depends.
This is often called the “forgotten” IT budget category. Most IT spending articles focus on software, cloud, and cybersecurity. But without a reliable network infrastructure, none of those investments perform as expected.
Data Center and Connectivity Spending
Global spending on data centers reached $260 billion in 2024 and continues to grow. This includes servers, storage, networking equipment, and the physical infrastructure supporting them.
For individual companies, data center and connectivity costs typically account for 20-25% of infrastructure budgets. This includes:
- Server hardware and maintenance
- Network equipment (switches, routers, firewalls)
- Data cabling installation
- Internet connectivity and bandwidth
- Power and cooling systems
- Physical security for network equipment
As edge computing expands, organizations are spending more on network infrastructure. Organizations increasingly need reliable connectivity at multiple locations, not just central data centers.
But what are the states with the most data centers?
Fiber Optic Infrastructure Statistics
Fiber optic infrastructure investment is accelerating as businesses demand higher bandwidth and faster speeds.
On average, fiber-optic cable costs $1–$6 per foot, excluding installation labor. Total project costs for commercial fiber-optic installation typically range from $15,000 to $30,000+, depending on complexity.
Factors affecting fiber installation costs include:
- Distance and number of cable runs
- Building construction type (drop ceilings vs. concrete)
- Number of termination points
- Testing and certification requirements
- Local labor rates
Fiber supports speeds up to 10 Gbps and beyond, compared to Cat6a copper’s 10 Gbps over shorter distances. Organizations investing in fiber today are future-proofing their networks for the next 15-20 years.
Enterprise Network Spending Trends
Several trends are driving changes in enterprise network spending:
- The adoption of Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 6E is driving upgrades to wireless infrastructure. These standards improve performance in high-density environments and better support IoT devices. Organizations with older wireless infrastructure face increasing pressure to upgrade.
- Network downtime costs are pushing companies toward more reliable infrastructure. According to ITIC’s 2024 Hourly Cost of Downtime Survey, over 90% of mid-size and large enterprises report that a single hour of downtime costs their organization more than $300,000—approximately $5,000 per minute. Poor cabling can increase help desk tickets by 30%. These costs often exceed what organizations would spend on proper infrastructure upfront.
- Future-proofing investments are gaining attention. Cat6A costs approximately $18,000 upfront compared to Cat6, but can prevent $90,000 in rip-and-replace projects within 3-5 years as bandwidth needs increase.
- PoE (Power over Ethernet) requirements are increasing as organizations deploy more IP cameras, VoIP phones, wireless access points, and IoT devices. This technology requires a robust cabling infrastructure to support both power delivery and data.
The Infrastructure Budget Gap
Despite its importance, network infrastructure is often underfunded. Organizations defer network installation until forced by system failures or technology requirements.
This reactive approach typically costs more than proactive investment. Emergency repairs cost significantly more than planned maintenance. Productivity losses during outages compound the financial impact.
Smart budget planning treats network infrastructure as foundational—not optional. Every other technology investment depends on it.
How Do SMB and Enterprise IT Budgets Compare?
SMB and enterprise IT budgets differ in both scale and allocation priorities.
SMB IT spending reached $1.6 trillion globally in 2024, according to Analysys Mason. Small businesses’ spending grew by 5.6%, while medium-sized businesses’ grew by 6.2%.
| Metric | SMBs | Enterprises |
|---|---|---|
| Typical Annual IT Budget | $25,000 – $1,000,000 | $10 million+ |
| IT Spending as % of Revenue | 4-6% | 2-4% |
| Per-Employee IT Cost | $2,000-$5,000 | $1,500-$3,000 |
| Hardware Allocation | 25-31% | 20-29% |
| Managed Services Usage | High | Moderate |
Key SMB challenges:
- Limited budgets affect 57% of SMBs, with 49% reporting skills shortages in emerging technologies
- Only 40% of SMBs describe their cybersecurity approach as “strategic and proactive.”
- Four in ten SMBs increased tech spending from 2024 to 2025
SMBs often achieve better ROI by partnering with specialized service providers for IT installation services rather than building internal capabilities for every function.
What ROI Are Companies Seeing From IT Budgets?
Infrastructure investments show clear ROI through reduced downtime. With network outages costing thousands per minute, a well-designed, structured cabling system that reduces outages pays for itself quickly.
Consider a mid-size company that experiences only 2 hours of network downtime per year due to infrastructure issues. At $5,000 per minute (the ITIC-reported average), that’s $600,000 in annual losses. A $50,000 network infrastructure upgrade that eliminates these outages delivers ROI within weeks.
Professional installation also reduces ongoing maintenance costs. Properly terminated and certified cables require less troubleshooting. Clean installations with proper cable management make future modifications easier and faster.
Cloud Migration ROI
Cloud migrations deliver ROI through operational flexibility and reduced capital expenditures—but only when properly optimized. Organizations that “lift and shift” without re-architecting often see costs increase.
Well-executed cloud migrations typically deliver:
- 30-40% reduction in infrastructure management overhead
- Improved scalability without capital investment
- Better disaster recovery capabilities
- Reduced data center floor space requirements
Security Investment ROI
Security investments provide ROI by preventing breaches. According to IBM’s 2024 Cost of a Data Breach Report, the average data breach costs $4.88 million—a 10% increase from the prior year and the largest jump since the pandemic. This makes security spending a form of risk management.
Organizations that deploy security AI and automation extensively save an average of $2.2 million per breach compared to those that don’t, according to the same IBM report. Beyond direct costs, breaches damage customer trust and brand reputation. These intangible costs can exceed the direct financial impact.
Infrastructure Multiplier Effect
Infrastructure investment delivers a multiplier effect, with each public dollar generating approximately $1.50 in economic activity, according to World Bank research.
When network infrastructure enables faster operations, better collaboration, and fewer disruptions, the productivity gains compound across the organization.
What Is the Business Value of Technology Investments?
Technology investments create business value in several measurable ways. Understanding these value drivers helps IT leaders make better budget decisions and communicate effectively with executive leadership.
Operational Efficiency
Well-implemented technology reduces manual processes and improves productivity. Organizations with mature IT governance save 5-10% through optimization alone.
Specific efficiency gains include:
- Automated workflows reduce manual data entry
- Faster communication through reliable networks
- Reduced time spent troubleshooting technology issues
- Streamlined collaboration across locations
Organizations with reliable network infrastructure report fewer productivity disruptions. When technology “just works,” employees can focus on their actual jobs.
Competitive Advantage
Organizations that invest strategically in technology outperform those that spend IT dollars reactively. This is why 55% of companies plan to increase IT spending rather than maintain or reduce it.
Technology enables competitive advantage through:
- Faster response to market opportunities
- Better customer experience through reliable systems
- Ability to adopt new capabilities quickly
- Data-driven decision making
Companies with outdated infrastructure often can’t implement modern applications. They fall behind competitors who invested in foundational technology.
Business Continuity
Network infrastructure investments protect against disruptions. This is especially important for organizations in high-risk environments or industries where downtime directly impacts revenue.
Business continuity value includes:
- Reduced the likelihood of extended outages
- Faster recovery when incidents occur
- Protection against data loss
- Regulatory compliance maintenance
Scalability and Growth Enablement
Proper infrastructure investment—including network installation for new construction—positions companies for growth without constant re-investment.
Scalable infrastructure provides:
- Ability to add users without major projects
- Support for new applications and services
- Flexibility to reorganize or relocate operations
- Foundation for future technology adoption
The challenge is demonstrating this value to leadership. Frame IT budget requests in business terms: reduced downtime, improved productivity, risk mitigation, and growth enablement—present technology spending as investment, not expense.
What Challenges Are IT Leaders Facing With Their Budgets?
IT leaders face several budget-related challenges. Understanding these challenges helps organizations plan more realistically and avoid common pitfalls.
Technical Debt
Technical debt consumes up to 40% of IT budgets in organizations with significant legacy systems. According to McKinsey, 10-20% of IT budgets intended for new development get redirected to addressing legacy issues.
This creates a cycle where organizations can’t invest in modernization because they’re busy maintaining outdated systems. Signs of technical debt include:
- Legacy applications requiring custom workarounds
- Aging infrastructure that can’t support modern applications
- Security vulnerabilities in outdated systems
- Integration challenges when adding new technology
Breaking this cycle requires dedicated budget allocation for modernization, even when it competes with other priorities.
Hidden Costs
Several “hidden” costs often blow IT budgets:
- Shadow IT: SaaS subscriptions purchased outside of IT visibility accumulate quickly. Departments sign up for tools without IT oversight, leading to duplicate solutions and security risks. Auto-renewals on forgotten subscriptions add up.
- Integration costs: New systems rarely work seamlessly with existing software, requiring custom configurations. API development and data migration often cost more than the software itself.
- Training costs: Often 5%+ of IT budget, but frequently underbudgeted. Undertrained staff use systems inefficiently or create security vulnerabilities.
- Vendor price increases: Post-2020 contracts increasingly include 10-30% annual increases. Some vendors have implemented price increases of 30%+ with minimal notice.
- Infrastructure maintenance: Deferred network upgrades cost more when they eventually become emergencies. Reactive spending is more expensive than planned investment.
Staffing Shortages
Only 11% of CISOs believe their security teams are adequately staffed. 53% report being somewhat or severely understaffed. Security staff growth slowed to just 7%—the lowest in four years.
This shortage forces organizations to do more with less or rely on outside expertise. Many companies find that partnering with specialized service providers for specific functions is more practical than building internal capabilities.
Competing Priorities
IT budgets must balance three competing demands:
- Run the business (keeping current systems operational): 40-60%
- Grow the business (adding capabilities): 20-30%
- Transform the business (innovation and modernization): 10-20%
When budgets get tight, transformation projects typically get cut first. This perpetuates the technical debt cycle.
Budget Visibility
Many IT leaders lack full visibility into technology spending across their organizations. Business units may control their own technology budgets, leading to:
- Duplicate investments in similar tools
- Uncoordinated vendor relationships
- Missed volume discount opportunities
- Security and compliance blind spots
Creating centralized visibility into all technology spending is a first step toward better budget management.
What Strategies Help Control IT Spending?
Several strategies help organizations get more value from their IT budgets. These approaches combine financial discipline with strategic thinking.
Contingency Planning
Experts consistently recommend allocating 10-15% of IT budgets for unexpected costs. This covers emergency hardware replacements, security incidents, and unforeseen software needs.
Without this buffer, organizations face tough choices when surprises occur. Either they raid other budget lines, delay planned projects, or go back to leadership for emergency funding.
The contingency fund should cover scenarios like:
- Hardware failures requiring immediate replacement
- Security incident response costs
- Regulatory changes requiring new compliance measures
- Vendor discontinuation requires system migration
- Growth spurts requiring additional capacity
Lifecycle Management
Track expected lifecycles for all IT assets:
- Laptops: 3-4 years
- Servers: 5-7 years
- Network equipment: 5-7 years
- Cabling infrastructure: 15-20 years (if properly installed)
This allows for rolling budget forecasts rather than surprise capital requests. After each infrastructure project, log the expected replacement timeline so future budgets account for these costs.
Vendor Management
Consolidate purchasing to leverage bulk discounts. Review contracts annually—especially those with automatic renewals and price increase clauses.
Key vendor management practices:
- Negotiate multi-year agreements with price caps
- Consolidate similar tools to reduce licensing costs
- Review software usage and eliminate unused licenses
- Build relationships with vendors for better support and pricing
- Benchmark pricing against industry standards
Strategic Outsourcing
For many organizations, especially SMBs, managed services provide better value than building internal capabilities. A qualified network installation company brings expertise and efficiency, reducing total project costs.
Consider outsourcing when:
- The skill set is needed occasionally, not constantly
- Specialized expertise is required (fiber optics, compliance)
- Speed is more important than building internal capability
- The function isn’t a core competency
Total Cost of Ownership Analysis
Look beyond purchase price to total cost of ownership:
- Implementation and integration costs
- Training requirements
- Ongoing maintenance and support
- Upgrade and replacement cycles
- Productivity impact during transitions
- Energy and space requirements
A cheaper upfront solution often costs more over its lifetime. For example, Cat6 cabling costs less initially than Cat6A, but organizations may face expensive replacements within 5 years if bandwidth needs increase.
Regular Budget Reviews
Treat the IT budget as a living document. Quarterly reviews allow you to:
- Identify emerging issues early
- Reallocate funds to higher-priority initiatives
- Respond to changing business needs
- Track actual versus planned spending
This dynamic approach prevents year-end surprises and enables more responsive budget management.
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FAQs
What percentage of IT projects go over budget?
Over 50% of IT projects exceed their original budgets. Large-scale initiatives tied to business operations and enterprise systems fare even worse—the majority of megaprojects result in project failure, missing budget, scope, or deadline targets.
Common causes include scope creep, underestimated integration costs across it infrastructure, and poor alignment with overall business strategy. Organizations improve outcomes by defining key performance indicators, conducting thorough needs assessments, and partnering with experienced vendors in areas like software development, cloud infrastructure, and security services.
How do you create an annual IT budget?
Start by reviewing the previous year’s spending to identify inefficiencies and gaps across your it department. Inventory all assets, contracts, licenses, and subscriptions, including productivity software and infrastructure services.
Next, align IT priorities with organizational goals—identify which investments directly support growth, risk reduction, or modernization. This is especially important for organizations supporting public sector entities or working with federal agencies under united states government contracts.
Categorize costs into hardware, software, services, personnel, and infrastructure. Include a 10–15% contingency to accommodate emerging needs such as machine learning initiatives or unexpected compliance requirements.
What factors affect IT budget planning?
Key factors include company size, industry, growth plans, regulatory requirements, and current technology state.
Compliance requirements (HIPAA, PCI DSS, GDPR) mandate specific security investments. Growth trajectory affects infrastructure scaling needs. Technical debt influences how much budget goes to maintenance versus innovation.
Geographic factors matter too—labor costs, local regulations, and market conditions all impact IT spending requirements.
How much should a company spend on cybersecurity?
Companies typically allocate 10-15% of their IT budget to cybersecurity, with highly regulated industries spending toward the higher end.
As a percentage of revenue, cybersecurity spending averages 0.5-0.7%. However, this varies significantly by risk profile and industry. Financial services and healthcare typically invest more heavily.
The key is aligning security spending with actual risk exposure rather than arbitrary benchmarks.
How do compliance requirements affect IT budgets?
Compliance requirements can add 20-50% to IT costs for regulated industries. HIPAA, PCI DSS, and similar regulations mandate specific security controls, documentation, auditing, and reporting capabilities.
These costs include technical investments (e.g., security systems and monitoring tools) and operational costs (e.g., audits, training, and documentation). Physical security requirements often fall within compliance mandates for healthcare and financial services.
What percentage of IT budgets should go to network infrastructure upgrades?
Network infrastructure typically accounts for 5-10% of IT budgets, though it is often underfunded given its foundational importance.
Organizations should budget for infrastructure based on the age and condition of existing systems, growth projections, and technology requirements. Delaying network upgrades often costs more in the long term, both through higher maintenance expenses and productivity losses from inadequate infrastructure.
A good rule of thumb: if your cabling is over 10 years old or you’re running Cat5e when you need 10 Gbps speeds, prioritize infrastructure investment.
Final Takeaway
IT budget statistics reveal a clear pattern: companies are investing more in technology, but the smartest organizations invest strategically to support long-term business goals and increase revenue. The $5.61 trillion in global IT spending underscores technology’s central role in the modern tech industry and overall business success.
For IT professionals, IT managers, and business leaders, the practical takeaways are straightforward. Use industry benchmarks as a reference point, not a rigid formula. Build in contingency funds. Don’t neglect foundational infrastructure—the systems and network cabling that support performance, reliability, and evolving customer expectations.
Network infrastructure is frequently overlooked in budget planning, yet it directly impacts every technology initiative. With 19+ years of experience and 20,000+ locations served, we’ve seen how reliable network infrastructurehelps organizations drive innovation, align technology with business goals, and scale confidently. When you’re ready to evaluate your infrastructure needs, contact us for a free consultation.
Citations:
[1] https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2025-01-21-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-it-spending-to-grow-9-point-8-percent-in-2025
[2] https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2025-07-29-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-end-user-spending-on-information-security-to-total-213-billion-us-dollars-in-2025
[3] https://www.iansresearch.com/resources/all-blogs/post/security-blog/2025/08/05/security-budgets-under-pressure
[4] https://www.ibm.com/reports/data-breach
[5] https://newsroom.ibm.com/2024-07-30-ibm-report-escalating-data-breach-disruption-pushes-costs-to-new-highs
[6] https://itic-corp.com/itic-2024-hourly-cost-of-downtime-report/
[7] https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/tech-debt-reclaiming-tech-equity
[8] https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/breaking-technical-debts-vicious-cycle-to-modernize-your-business
[9] https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/learn/it-tech-spending.html
[10]https://gtia.org/hubfs/GTIA%202025%20SMB%20Technology%20and%20Buying%20Trends%20Research.pdf
[11]https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/delivering-large-scale-it-projects-on-time-on-budget-and-on-value
[12] https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2025-07-15-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-it-spending-to-grow-7-point-9-percent-in-2025
